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if (/^(\S+\s+)(\S+)(\s.*)/) { 
        print $1 . log10($2) . $3 . "\n"; 
}

my($name, $num, $rest) = split " ", $_, 3; 
print $name . " " . log10($num) . " " . $rest;

my($name, @num) = split " "; 
print $name; 
...
        print " " . log10($num); 
} 
print "\n";

my($name, @num) = split " "; 
my @log10; for my $num (@num) { 
        push @log10, log10($num); 
} 
print $name, " ", join(" ", @log10), "\n";