You caught that I use 1; as the body of the loop to avoid confusing things with the efficiency of the system null device driver (not particularly efficient on Win32). But you missed the point I was trying to make; namely that you cannot use the C-style for as a modifier; which means you must always pay the penalty of creating a new scope for each iteration of the loop.

Add that to the benchmark to see that cost:

#! perl
use strict;
use warnings;
#use IO::Null;
use Benchmark qw( cmpthese );

my $n = 1e4;
#my $null = IO::Null->new;
cmpthese 10000, {
    foreach_loop => \&foreach_loop,
    foreach_modifier => \&foreach_modifier,
    c_for_loop   => \&c_for_loop,
};

sub foreach_loop {
    for my $i (-$n .. 0) {
        # $null->print( -$i );
        1;
    }
}

sub foreach_modifier {
    1 for -$n .. 0;
}

sub c_for_loop {
    for (my $j = $n; $j >= 0; --$j) {
        # $null->print( $j );
        1;
    }
}

__END__
C:\test>junk
                   Rate       c_for_loop     foreach_loop foreach_modi
+fier
c_for_loop        922/s               --             -41%             
+-52%
foreach_loop     1573/s              71%               --             
+-18%
foreach_modifier 1922/s             108%              22%             
+  --
[download]

Of course, some people eschew the use of modifier forms; but then they are probably the same people that favor their own one-off developer time over the every-user, every-time runtime costs.

As for much of my work I am both user and developer, I don't have that luxury.

vagabonding electron,

You are correct that a foreach loop is faster than a C-style for loop, other things being equal. As BrowserUk has explained, this is because with the latter, but not the former,

you must always pay the penalty of creating a new scope for each iteration of the loop.

But my point was that if you count upwards from -$n, you add the overhead of a unary negation operator when you come to actually use the original $n:

#! perl
use strict;
use warnings;
use Benchmark qw( cmpthese );

my $n                  = 1e6;
my $foreach_loop_total =   0;
my $c_for_loop_total   =   0;

cmpthese
(
    1000,
    {
        foreach_loop => \&foreach_loop,
        c_for_loop   => \&c_for_loop,
    }
);

print "\$foreach_loop_total = $foreach_loop_total\n";
print "\$c_for_loop_total   = $c_for_loop_total\n";

sub foreach_loop
{
    $foreach_loop_total += -$_ for -$n .. 0;
}

sub c_for_loop
{
    for (my $j = $n; $j >= 0; --$j)
    {
        $c_for_loop_total += $j;
    }
}
[download]

Output:

12:00 >perl 555_SoPW.pl
               Rate foreach_loop   c_for_loop
foreach_loop 5.62/s           --          -8%
c_for_loop   6.13/s           9%           --
$foreach_loop_total = 500000500000000
$c_for_loop_total   = 500000500000000

12:05 >
[download]

So, it appears that the overhead of the additional negation outweighs the benefit of not having to create a new scope on each iteration.

There are still plenty more ways to skin that cat :)

Why subtract and add; when you can just subtract. And why compare to zero when it is unnecessary:

#! perl
use strict;
use warnings;
use Benchmark qw( cmpthese );

my $n                  = 1e6;
my $foreach_loop_total =   0;
my $c_for_loop_total   =   0;
my $while_loop_total   =   0;
my $while_loop_total2   =   0;

cmpthese 100, {
    foreach_loop => \&foreach_loop,
    c_for_loop   => \&c_for_loop,
    while_loop   => \&while_loop,
    while_loop2   => \&while_loop2,
};

print "\$foreach_loop_total = $foreach_loop_total\n";
print "\$c_for_loop_total   = $c_for_loop_total\n";
print "\$while_loop_total   = $while_loop_total\n";
print "\$while_loop_total2  = $while_loop_total2\n";

sub foreach_loop {
    $foreach_loop_total -= $_ for -$n .. 0;
}

sub c_for_loop {
    for (my $j = $n; $j >= 0; --$j) {
        $c_for_loop_total += $j;
    }
}

sub while_loop {
    my $n = $n;
    $while_loop_total += $n-- while $n;
}

sub while_loop2 {
    use integer;
    my $n = $n;
    $while_loop_total2 += $n-- while $n;
}

__END__
C:\test>junk
               Rate   c_for_loop   while_loop  while_loop2 foreach_loo
+p
c_for_loop   4.94/s           --         -22%         -39%         -44
+%
while_loop   6.31/s          28%           --         -22%         -28
+%
while_loop2  8.07/s          63%          28%           --          -8
+%
foreach_loop 8.76/s          77%          39%           8%           -
+-
$foreach_loop_total = 50000050000000
$c_for_loop_total   = 50000050000000
$while_loop_total   = 50000050000000
$while_loop_total2  = 50000050000000
[download]

---

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Examine what is said, not who speaks -- Silence betokens consent -- Love the truth but pardon error.

"Science is about questioning the status quo. Questioning authority".

In the absence of evidence, opinion is indistinguishable from prejudice.