"Is there a standard/easiest way to upgrade modules, like apt-update apt-upgrade in debian?"

Yes, shure.

I assume that you don't want to damage your perl on your debian box, right?

So you should take a look at perlbrew and cpanm.

It is elegant, easy, save a.s.o. It works.

Please see also Re: Perl version (do not update system perl, install local perl) and Re: Perl version.

Update:

And you can have always the newest perl version(s) as well as the newest stuff from CPAN.

Best regards, Karl