What is significant about those groups of numbers?

Perl can't mind read.

Oh, they're 'close' together.

Compared to -5000 and +5000, they're all 'close' together.

I think you first need to think about how you would like to define 'close together' and 'far apart' in practical terms, and when you've worked that out, write some code.

I'm happy to be corrected if I'm missing something...

Good luck!

Not sure if this is any use but is does give the expected output. It loops through the sorted list working out the effect of adding each to 'current group average'. If change is greater than the value 'diff' it starts a new group

#!perl
use strict;

my @data = (10,7,5,10,50,70,75,72,79,80);
my @arr = sort {$a<=>$b} @data;
my $diff = 2; # group closeness

my @avg; #[count,sum]
my @grp;
my $g=0;

for my $i (0..$#arr){
  my $val = $arr[$i];
  #print "value $val\n";
  if ($i == 0){
    push @{$grp[$g]},$val;
    $avg[$g] = [1,$val];
  } else {
    #work out new average with this element
    my ($n,$sum) = @{$avg[$g]};
    #print "count $n sum $sum\n";
    my $avg = $sum/$n;
    my $new_avg = ($sum+$val)/($n+1);
    if (abs($new_avg - $avg) < $diff){
      # join group
      push @{$grp[$g]},$val;
      $avg[$g] = [$n+1,$sum+$val];
    } else {
      # start new group
      ++$g;
      push @{$grp[$g]},$val;
      $avg[$g] = [1,$val];
    }
  }
}

for (@grp) {
  print join ',',@$_,"\n";
}
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