Yes, but you need to group the alternations, and for efficiency, the grouping should be non-capturing:

#! perl
use strict;
use warnings;

for (
       'ASQWERFD.YYxxxx.W12345.XYZQW.D072413.csv',
       'ASQWERFD.YYxxxx.W12345.XYZQW.D072413.txt',
       'ASQWERFD.YYxxxx.W12345.XYZQW.D072413.dat',
       'ASQWERFD.YYxxxx.W12345.KMHYT.D072413.csv',
       'ASQWERFD.YYxxxx.W12345.XYZQA.D072413.csv',
    )
{
    if (/ .{10,} (?: XYZQW | KMHYT) .* \. (?: csv | txt) $ /ix)
    {
        print "Matched  $_\n";
    }
    else
    {
        print "Ignoring $_\n";
    }
}
[download]

Output:

11:57 >perl 673_SoPW.pl
Matched  ASQWERFD.YYxxxx.W12345.XYZQW.D072413.csv
Matched  ASQWERFD.YYxxxx.W12345.XYZQW.D072413.txt
Ignoring ASQWERFD.YYxxxx.W12345.XYZQW.D072413.dat
Matched  ASQWERFD.YYxxxx.W12345.KMHYT.D072413.csv
Ignoring ASQWERFD.YYxxxx.W12345.XYZQA.D072413.csv

11:57 >
[download]

On grouping, see Regular Expressions:

WARNING: Once Perl sees that you need one of $&, $`, or $' anywhere in the program, it has to provide them for every pattern match. This may substantially slow your program. Perl uses the same mechanism to produce $1, $2, etc, so you also pay a price for each pattern that contains capturing parentheses. (To avoid this cost while retaining the grouping behaviour, use the extended regular expression (?: ... ) instead.)

Note that I’ve also used /x for improved readability.

Hope that helps,