"I should have been clearer, ..."

No, you were clear enough; I should have been more thorough in my reading of your question. Anyway, I've already picked up on that and updated my response.

Here's how you'd go about using a variable domain name in Perl; I'll leave you to figure out how to implement that in Privoxy. Note: I've added a few more tests.

#!/usr/bin/env perl

use strict;
use warnings;

my $html_fragment = <<'END_HTML';
    <img src="http://images.google.com/someimage.jpg" />
    <img src="http://images.google.com/NOTsomeimage.jpg" />
    <img src="http://google.somesite.org/image.jpg" />
    <img src="http://somesite.net/google/image.jpg" />
    <img src="http://anythingelse.com/etc.jpg" />
    <img src="http://pictures.google.com/someimage.jpg" />
    <img src="http://google.com/someimage.jpg" />
END_HTML

my $domain_to_keep = 'google.com';

print "Initial markup:\n";
print $html_fragment;

$html_fragment =~ s/\s*<img.*src="http:\/\/(?!.*\Q$domain_to_keep\E\/)
+[^>]+>//gm;

print "Modified markup:\n";
print $html_fragment;
[download]

Output:

Initial markup:
    <img src="http://images.google.com/someimage.jpg" />
    <img src="http://images.google.com/NOTsomeimage.jpg" />
    <img src="http://google.somesite.org/image.jpg" />
    <img src="http://somesite.net/google/image.jpg" />
    <img src="http://anythingelse.com/etc.jpg" />
    <img src="http://pictures.google.com/someimage.jpg" />
    <img src="http://google.com/someimage.jpg" />
Modified markup:
    <img src="http://images.google.com/someimage.jpg" />
    <img src="http://images.google.com/NOTsomeimage.jpg" />
    <img src="http://pictures.google.com/someimage.jpg" />
    <img src="http://google.com/someimage.jpg" />
[download]