Not sure if you can make runner.t work with prove without altering run.t.raw slightly. It will if you change the raw file to make the last line conditional in a similar way to this:

#!perl
use strictures;
use Test::More;

subtest "Prod" => sub {
    plan skip_all => "Set PROD_TEST to run" unless $ENV{PROD_TEST};
    ok 1, "OHAI, PROD!";
    done_testing(1);
};

subtest "Dev" => sub {
    plan skip_all => "Set DEV_TEST to run" unless $ENV{DEV_TEST};
    ok 1, "OHAI, DEV!";
    done_testing(1);
};

done_testing(2) if $0 =~ /run\.t\.raw/;
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Then the runner can just become

#!perl
# File: runner.t
use strictures;
use Test::More;
    
for my $env (qw/ PROD DEV /)
{
    my $test = join "_", $env, "TEST";
    local $ENV{$test} = 1;
    do 'run.t.raw';
}

done_testing (4);
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I don't know if that's good enough for your criteria? Here's what happens when I run these:

$ perl run.t.raw
    # Subtest: Prod
    1..0 # SKIP Set PROD_TEST to run
ok 1 # skip Set PROD_TEST to run
    # Subtest: Dev
    1..0 # SKIP Set DEV_TEST to run
ok 2 # skip Set DEV_TEST to run
1..2
$ prove run.t.raw
run.t.raw .. ok   
All tests successful.
Files=1, Tests=2,  0 wallclock secs ( 0.03 usr  0.01 sys +  0.02 cusr 
+ 0.00 csys =  0.06 CPU)
Result: PASS
$ perl runner.t
    # Subtest: Prod
    ok 1 - OHAI, PROD!
    1..1
ok 1 - Prod
    # Subtest: Dev
    1..0 # SKIP Set DEV_TEST to run
ok 2 # skip Set DEV_TEST to run
    # Subtest: Prod
    1..0 # SKIP Set PROD_TEST to run
ok 3 # skip Set PROD_TEST to run
    # Subtest: Dev
    ok 1 - OHAI, DEV!
    1..1
ok 4 - Dev
1..4
$ prove runner.t
runner.t .. ok   
All tests successful.
Files=1, Tests=4,  0 wallclock secs ( 0.03 usr  0.00 sys +  0.02 cusr 
+ 0.00 csys =  0.05 CPU)
Result: PASS
$
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