but I would prefer a solution that works on Linux as well

On Linux, I'm finding that the behaviour hasn't changed. That is, when I run:

perl -e 'srand(0); print int(rand(99)) for 0 .. 9'
[download]

on Ubuntu, I get 1674986577768368673 from (current) perl-5.30.0 all the way back to perl-5.6.2.

Or do you mean that you want the output of the one-liner to also be 023647263525973192 on Linux ?
That could be tricky ... I'm not sure what that might involve.

Here's an Inline::C version that does as you want on Windows - but produces a different sequence of numbers (83397779901933762754) on Ubuntu, where RAND_MAX is 2147483647.

use strict;
use warnings;

use Inline C => <<'EOC';

SV * max_rand() {
  return newSViv(RAND_MAX);
}

void my_srand(int seed) {
  srand(seed);
}

SV * my_int_rand(IV limit) {
  return newSViv(rand() * limit / RAND_MAX);
}

SV * my_float_rand(IV limit) {
  return newSVnv((NV)rand() * limit / RAND_MAX);
}

EOC

print "RAND_MAX is: ",max_rand(), "\n";

my_srand(0);

 print  my_int_rand(99)       for 0 .. 9;
#print int(my_float_rand(99)) for 0 .. 9;
[download]

Annoyingly on Ubuntu, although perl's rand() output seems constant across different versions of perl, it differs from the output of that script.

Another possibility is that Math::Random might provide the functionality you seek. (I took a quick look, couldn't find anything helpful, and gave up ... but I didn't check it out rigorously.)

Cheers,
Rob