You can't return a value from the callback, but you can set a variable in it. I changed a bit more in the code, see the comments for explanations.

#!/usr/bin/perl
use warnings;
use strict;

use Text::CSV_XS;  # Why not get the full strenth of XS?

my $codepage = 'utf8';
binmode(STDOUT, ":$codepage");
binmode(STDIN, ":$codepage");  # STDOIN?


#get file names:
my $fileTable = shift;

my @fldNames = qw( id fio snils no0 data vyplata adres_bank0 no1 no2 n
+o3 adres_bank1 no4 no5 blank no6 );
my %fldNum;  # Better name
@fldNum{@fldNames} = 0 .. $#fldNames;  # Shorter, faster.


my @tblRows;
my $CSV_H = Text::CSV_XS->new({  # Missing "my".
    sep_char           => ';',
    binary             => 1,
    blank_is_undef     => 1,
    empty_is_undef     => 1,
    allow_whitespace   => 0,
    allow_loose_quotes => 1,
    auto_diag          => 1
});
$CSV_H->callbacks(error => \&csverror2023);

my $fixed;
sub csverror2023{
    print join('/', @_), "\n";
    my $charpos = $_[2];

    my $srcstr = $CSV_H->error_input();
    printf "ERROR_INPUT: %s\n", $srcstr;
    unless($CSV_H->eof){
        my $badchar = quotemeta(substr($srcstr, $charpos - 1, 1));
        printf "BadChar: (%s)\n", $badchar;
        my $prestr = substr($srcstr, 0, $charpos - 1);
        printf "PreMatch: (%s)\n", $prestr;
        $prestr =~ /$badchar[^$badchar]*$/;
        printf "MATCH_iNDEXES: (%s-%s)\n", $-[0], $+[0];
        printf "BadChar0: (%s)\n", substr($prestr, $-[0], 1);
        substr($srcstr, $-[0], 0, '\\');
        printf "ModifiedString: (%s)\n", $srcstr;
        $fixed = $srcstr;
    }
    $CSV_H->SetDiag(0);
}


if(open my $TBL_H, "<:encoding($codepage)", $fileTable){  # No need to
+ double quote a single variable.
    until($CSV_H->eof){
        undef $fixed;
        my $row = $CSV_H->getline($TBL_H);
        while ($fixed) {
            my $line = $fixed;
            undef $fixed;
            $CSV_H->parse($line);
            $row = [$CSV_H->fields];
        }


        unless($row->[$fldNum{id}] !~ /^[[:digit:]]+$/ || $row->[$fldN
+um{fio}] =~ /^[[:digit:]]+$/){
            printf "%12s: %s\n", $fldNames[$_], $row->[$_] for 0 .. $#
+{$row};

            push @tblRows, $row;
        }
        print '=' x 100, "\n";
    }

    close $TBL_H;
}
[download]