I don't see much mention here of Perl's UTF-flag, even though it is discussed in the perldoc for
Encode. The essence of UTF-encoding is that, if(!) you know to treat the string as "UTF-encoded," it provides a way to encode Unicode code-points (characters ...) in a byte-stream. But Perl is much older than UTF, so it might encounter what are intended to be byte-streams which coincidentally contain "UTF indicator" bytes. Perl implemented a hidden flag to indicate whether
eq should or should not use Unicode-aware comparisons against the values.