If I've understood what you are attempting correctly then it works if you split out the Inline parts into a separate file and do it like this:

$ cat bliako.pl
use strict;
use warnings;

use Inline C => Config =>
        ccflagsex => '-test-bliako-A',
;

use Inline C => <<'EOC';
#include <stdio.h>

EOC
$ cat bliako.t
use strict;
use warnings;

use Test::More tests => 1;

do './bliako.pl';
isnt $@, '', 'Inline C fails as expected';
$ prove -v bliako.t
bliako.t .. 
1..1
ok 1 - Inline C fails as expected
ok
All tests successful.
Files=1, Tests=1,  1 wallclock secs ( 0.03 usr  0.01 sys +  0.82 cusr 
+ 0.19 csys =  1.05 CPU)
Result: PASS
$
[download]

HTH.