Recently I needed to display a map with some polygons, markers and popups on it. I wanted to have both an interactive map but also be able to create a hardcopy from my linux's terminal via a script in a headless server.

I found a solution which satisfies both requirements. Have the interactive map be from the HTML produced by LeafletJS and then spawn a headless browser (thank you WWW::Mechanize::Chrome & Corion!!) and take a screenshot of the map, via a script from any headless server.

To me, at least, the screenshot part sounds like a very roundabout way of getting a hardcopy of a map (a PDF or PNG) but after researching this for a few weeks, I realised that this is how it is done in R (and in the serpent world, it is called htmlwebshot).

Building on WWW::Mechanize::Chrome's screenshot functionality and on a conversation I had with LanX some years ago on how to inject JS into a mechanized browser and manipulate the DOM with it I have now published WWW::Mechanize::Chrome::DOMops which finds/deletes elements of the current DOM of your mechanized browser and then on top of that, WWW::Mechanize::Chrome::Webshot which takes a screenshot of your browser contents onto a local file. In short, it renders a URL or a local file onto a, possibly headless, mechanized browser (with all encompassing CSS and JS included), allows some settle time, optionally removing some DOM elements which clutter the view and takes a screenshot of what's currently rendered. I think this is as good as it gets for html2pdf. I mean the browser is the final arbiter on how html renders right? (well, sort of).

https://leafletjs.com/ is really very good at displaying map tiles, images/satellite or vectors, from various sources (e.g. OpenStreetMap for navigation vector maps or ArcGIS/ESRI for satellite images, both free). It is also very easy to draw polygons, markers, etc. on top of the map using map coordinates. And then allows you to move/pan/zoom interactively. Really cool software. Alas in Javascript.

And so, in the below script I combine both to get both a self-contained HTML (it requires lefleat.js external dependency) of an interactive map as well as a printout in the form of PDF/PNG.

Caveat: the output PDF contains only part of the view (increasing the dpi perhaps?) whereas the PNG contains everything the browser window contains. So, a PNG is output instead.

PS: I had in mind to create a Just another Perl Hacker all over Africa but the polyline is quite some bytes long and I will spare you the bandwidth. Just imagine Just another Perl Hacker sprayed all over the globe.

PS2: Geo::Leaflet does a good job at exposing the basic functionality of LeafletJS via Perl. But there are lots more features and options for your map. I propose that once you have a basic HTML map, to template it and keep adding more features there. You do not need to keep using Geo::Leaflet. Check the script's output HTML file.

# by bliako for perlmonks 21/08/2025
use Geo::Leaflet;
use FindBin;
use File::Spec;
use WWW::Mechanize::Chrome::Webshot;

my $lat = 11.1;
my $lon = 22.2;
my $outbase = 'hack';

my $map = Geo::Leaflet->new(
    id     => "myMap",
    center => [$lat, $lon],
    zoom => 3,
);
# the tiles are coming from:
$map->tileLayer(
  # navigation vector tiles
  #url => 'https://tile.openstreetmap.org/{z}/{x}/{y}.png',
  # satellite images
  url  => 'https://server.arcgisonline.com/ArcGIS/rest/services/World_
+Imagery/MapServer/tile/{z}/{y}/{x}',
  options => {
    maxZoom => 19,
    maxNativeZoom => 23,
    #attribution => 'openstreetmap',
    attribution => 'esri',
  },
);

$map->polyline(
  coordinates => [
    [9.0, 20.0],
    [11.3, 23.1],
    [12.1, 19.4],
  ], options=>{color=>'red', weight=>'5'}
);

my $map_html = $map->html;

my $outdir = $FindBin::Bin;

my $map_html_outfile = File::Spec->catfile($outdir, $outbase.'_map.htm
+l');
my $FH;
open($FH, '>', $map_html_outfile)
    or die "failed to open file for writing html '$map_html_outfile', 
+$!";
print $FH $map->html;
close $FH;

my $map_pdf_outfile = File::Spec->catfile($outdir, $outbase.'_map.png'
+);

my $shooter = WWW::Mechanize::Chrome::Webshot->new({
  'settle-time' => 10,
  'resolution' => '2000x2000',
});

my $local_uri = URI->new('file://'.$map_html_outfile);

$shooter->shoot({
    'output-filename' => $map_pdf_outfile,
    'url' => $local_uri->as_string,
    'remove-DOM-elements' => [
      {'element-xpathselector' => '//div[id="leaflet-control-container
+"]'},
    ],
    'exif' => {'created' => 'by the shooter'},
});

print "$0 : done, map saved to PDF '$map_pdf_outfile'\n";
[download]

bw, bliako