As others already said, no. Here's what the compiler backend B (B::Terse) says, running

perl -MO=Terse -le 'for(<>){print}'
perl -MO=Terse -le 'while(<>){print}'
[download]

substituting the addresses with 0x? and running 'vimdiff for while':

==================== for ====================|=================== while ===================
LISTOP (0x?) leave [1]                       |  LISTOP (0x?) leave [1]
  OP (0x?) enter                             |    OP (0x?) enter
  COP (0x?) nextstate                        |    COP (0x?) nextstate
  BINOP (0x?) leaveloop                      |    BINOP (0x?) leaveloop
    LOOP (0x?) enteriter                     |      LOOP (0x?) enterloop
      OP (0x?) null [3]                      |  ---------------------------------------------
      UNOP (0x?) null [147]                  |  ---------------------------------------------
        OP (0x?) pushmark                    |  ---------------------------------------------
        UNOP (0x?) readline [2]              |  ---------------------------------------------
          PADOP (0x?) gv  GV (0x?) *ARGV     |  ---------------------------------------------
      PADOP (0x?) gv  GV (0x?) *_            |  ---------------------------------------------
    UNOP (0x?) null                          |      UNOP (0x?) null
      LOGOP (0x?) and                        |        LOGOP (0x?) and
        OP (0x?) iter                        |            UNOP (0x?) defined
---------------------------------------------|              UNOP (0x?) null
---------------------------------------------|                UNOP (0x?) null [15]
---------------------------------------------|                  PADOP (0x?) gvsv  GV (0x?) *_
---------------------------------------------|                UNOP (0x?) readline [2]
---------------------------------------------|                  PADOP (0x?) gv  GV (0x?) *ARGV
        LISTOP (0x?) lineseq                 |            LISTOP (0x?) lineseq
          COP (0x?) nextstate                |              COP (0x?) nextstate
          LISTOP (0x?) print                 |              LISTOP (0x?) print
            OP (0x?) pushmark                |                OP (0x?) pushmark
            UNOP (0x?) null [15]             |                UNOP (0x?) null [15]
              PADOP (0x?) gvsv  GV (0x?) *_  |                  PADOP (0x?) gvsv  GV (0x?) *_
          OP (0x?) unstack                   |              OP (0x?) unstack

which shows,that for gobbles up all lines (LOOP enteriter) to process each (OP iter) after that, whereas the while loop (LOOP enterloop) processes readline and print in the loop body (LOOP enterloop).