In the first case, $bound becomes another name for %data{$key}. In the second case, $bound simply stores a reference to %data{$key}.

That one extra level of indirection may not seem important, but consider what happens later in the code when we write:

    $bound = $nuclear_reactor_shutoff_command;
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Which is better? Well, of course, it depends on what you were trying to achieve. But, with the departure of typeglobs, we need to have some way to do the former, and that way is going to be binding.

And, indeed, as I mentioned in E3, binding has a couple of major advantages over typeglobbing: it's typesafe(r), and bound variables can be lexically scoped.

Hey! That's an important achievement. ;-)

But, of course, there are many other uses for binding too (some of which have already been mentioned in this thread). Here's another that hasn't been mentioned yet. Binding is particularly useful when you have lvalue subroutines/methods and you want to do something complex with the lvalue. Rather than repeatedly calling the subroutine/method:

    while (<>) {
        $obj.threshold += $_
            unless $obj.threshold > $min;
    }
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you can just bind the lvalue once and use the bound variable instead:

    my $thresh := $obj.threshold;
    while (<>) {
        $thresh += $_
            unless $thresh > $min;
    }
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Is this a use beyond simply saving keystrokes, or did I misunderestimate what you wrote?

   MeowChow                                   
               s aamecha.s a..a\u$&owag.print

No, we're not just saving keystrokes here. We're saving repeated calls to the lvalue method. And, even though method calls in Perl 6 will be faster, not doing any calls in the loop is still a real saving if the loop iterates many times.

Damian

But beyond that, well if you don't know how to use typeglobs in Perl 5, then you likely won't need to know it in Perl 6. However that does not mean that its job is lessening how many keystrokes to use. Rather think of it as selectively changing which keystrokes to use. Without that ability you couldn't write something like Exporter. Without the ability to produce Explorer you wouldn't be able to easily write something like:

use CGI qw(:standard);
my @parameter_names = param();
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