IIRC these structures are called multisets because some elements are repeated in one of your examples.

If I understand your requirements correctly, you can use your approach in a pragmatic way, because any "neighboring" multi sets must have at least 8 digits in common.

So

• Sort the 9 elements of the original multi set
• Calculate all distinct 8 element subsets (at most 9)
• Create hash keys by joining them
• push the original set into a HoA ( or HoH) for each subset.

At the end you'll only need 9 hash look ups to drastically narrow down potential candidates.

NB: That's a pragmatic approach, a detailed survey might show more efficient algorithms.

HTH :)

PS: this problem reminds me of hamming distance of error correcting codes, but I doubt you can easily apply this here.

update

I just realized that you already sketched that approach in  Re^2: Finding Nearly Identical Sets . Not sure why you say it's ugly, cause a HoH should be quite fast, and you'd need to check anyway, if your input is equidistant to multiple neighbors.