Actually that idea is much older than you might think, see Egyptian calendar

With the difference that the "week" in Egypt had 10 days.

The desire for a 7 day week stems IIRC from Babylon in order to split the moon cycle in four parts (well almost) and was adopted and spread by the monotheistic book religions.

Getting 3 unrelated astronomical rotation cycles (earth day, lunar month, solar year) in sync with a table can't be easy. :)