in reply to Do I have to explicitly tell keys() that the hash in my hash of hashes is a hash?

%servers <- that's a hash
$servers{ BOUVET } <- that's a ref to a hash
$server{ BOUVET }{ customizations } <- that's another ref to a hash

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keys() expets a hash as its value, not a ref to a hash. so you need to dereference it:

keys %{ $server{ BOUVET }{ customizations } }

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In Section Seekers of Perl Wisdom