Re: This may be more of a math question

Well, it's simply true - we need first to look at the lowest bit of a and b. If they are both zero, then, obviously, a^b == (a^b) + (1^1) == (a+1)^(b+1).This occurs 25% of the time.

The next (interesting) case would be that both lowest bits of a and b are 1, and the second lowest bit of both, a and b, is 0. Then again, a^b == (a+1)^(b+1).

I'm not sure, if this method of counting will arrive at 33% overall, as there are some other possibilities (like a=5, b=6) which I didn't count, but 25% is close enough to 33% to mark this method of generating random numbers as dangerous.

perl -MHTTP::Daemon -MHTTP::Response -MLWP::Simple -e ' ;    # The  
$d = new HTTP::Daemon and fork and getprint $d->url and exit;#spider
($c = $d->accept())->get_request(); $c->send_response( new   #in the
HTTP::Response(200,$_,$_,qq(Just another Perl hacker\n))); ' #  web
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Re: Re: This may be more of a math question by jima (Vicar) on May 15, 2002 at 21:55 UTC
Yeah, you got it. You just needed to take it a little further to prove it. When the lowest bit for a and b is 0, then the formula is equal, which happens, as you say, 25% (1/4) of the time. When the lowest bits for a and b are 01, the formula is equal. This happens 1/16 of the time (there are 16 possible combinations of the lowest 2 bits of 2 variables, and only this particular combo will give you a problem). So let's say the lowest two bits of both variables are 11. If the next bit is 0 (making the lowest bits of each variable 011), then the formula is equal 1/64 of the time (64 combinations of the lowest 3 bits of 2 variables). The math majors in the audience will look for a pattern and realize that, to figure out the total probability that the equation will be equal, they just need to sum up the series (1 / (4 x)), where x goes from 1 to the number of bits in yer integer. A Perl one-liner that shows the convergence of the series to 1/3 is shown below. `perl -e "$x=0;for $y (1 .. 25) { $x+=(1/4$y));print $x.chr(10)}" 0.25 0.3125 0.328125 0.33203125 0.3330078125 0.333251953125 0.33331298828125 0.333328247070313 0.333332061767578 0.333333015441895 0.333333253860474 0.333333313465118 0.33333332836628 0.33333333209157 0.333333333022892 0.333333333255723 0.333333333313931 0.333333333328483 0.333333333332121 0.33333333333303 0.333333333333258 0.333333333333314 0.333333333333329 0.333333333333332 0.333333333333333` [download] Edit: changed from 2 ** (2 * x) to 4 ** x, which seems to me to be a bit clearer.	[reply] [d/l]

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Re: Re: This may be more of a math question
by jima (Vicar) on May 15, 2002 at 21:55 UTC

When the lowest bit for a and b is 0, then the formula is equal, which happens, as you say, 25% (1/4) of the time.

When the lowest bits for a and b are 01, the formula is equal. This happens 1/16 of the time (there are 16 possible combinations of the lowest 2 bits of 2 variables, and only this particular combo will give you a problem).

So let's say the lowest two bits of both variables are 11. If the next bit is 0 (making the lowest bits of each variable 011), then the formula is equal 1/64 of the time (64 combinations of the lowest 3 bits of 2 variables).

The math majors in the audience will look for a pattern and realize that, to figure out the total probability that the equation will be equal, they just need to sum up the series (1 / (4 ** x)), where x goes from 1 to the number of bits in yer integer. A Perl one-liner that shows the convergence of the series to 1/3 is shown below.

perl -e "$x=0;for $y (1 .. 25) { $x+=(1/4**$y));print $x.chr(10)}"

0.25
0.3125
0.328125
0.33203125
0.3330078125
0.333251953125
0.33331298828125
0.333328247070313
0.333332061767578
0.333333015441895
0.333333253860474
0.333333313465118
0.33333332836628
0.33333333209157
0.333333333022892
0.333333333255723
0.333333333313931
0.333333333328483
0.333333333332121
0.33333333333303
0.333333333333258
0.333333333333314
0.333333333333329
0.333333333333332
0.333333333333333
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