Close -- it stands for both "vector" and/or "version" string. See Everything you wanted to know about Module Version Numbers and Checking for more while I hunt down something from the perl distribution which discussed them.

Update: Can't find anything about it in the core perl documentation, but there's a small bit about them in Programming Perl, version 3. A short exerpt from section 2.6.7 from my version on Safari:

A literal that begins with a v and is followed by one or more dot-separated integers is treated as a string literal composed of characters with the specified ordinal values:

$crlf = v13.10;           # ASCII carriage return, line feed

These are called v-strings, short for "vector strings" or "version strings" or anything else you can think of that starts with "v" and deals with lists of integers. They provide an alternate and more legible way to construct strings when you want to specify the numeric values of each character. Thus, v1.20.300.4000 is a more winsome way to produce the same string value as any of:

"\x{1}\x{14}\x{12c}\x{fa0}"
pack("U*", 1, 20, 300, 4000)
chr(1) . chr(20) . chr(300) . chr(4000)
[download]

perl -pe '"I lo*`+$^X$\"$]!$/"=~m%(.*)%s;$_=$1;y^`+*^e v^#$&V"+@( NO CARRIER'

$crlf = v13.10;

Unfortunately, that is not true on ActiveState perl 5.6.1.

v10 produces the bytes 0x0D 0x0A, so that v13.10 results in 0x0D 0x0D 0x0A. I guess this has to do with STDOUT being considered an "ascii" file on Windows.

I found it on perldelta in perl 5.6.1

Support for strings represented as a vector of ordinals

Literals of the form v1.2.3.4 are now parsed as a string composed of characters with the specified ordinals. This is an alternative, more readable way to construct (possibly Unicode) strings instead of interpolating characters, as in "\x{1}\x{2}\x{3}\x{4}". The leading v may be omitted if there are more than two ordinals, so 1.2.3 is parsed the same as v1.2.3.

Strings written in this form are also useful to represent version "numbers". It is easy to compare such version "numbers" (which are really just plain strings) using any of the usual string comparison operators eq, ne, lt, gt, etc., or perform bitwise string operations on them using |, &, etc.