in reply to Defined and Exists, but what about neither?
Of course, this is also documented in the manual: perldoc -f exists.exists $hash {key} && print "Key is present, value may be undefined." +; defined $hash {key} && print "Key is present, and its value is defined +."; $hash {key} && print "Key is present, its value is defined and + true.";
Abigail
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