most of the multi-lingual sites that i've seen (not many :) use some kind of macro/make pre-formatter that adjusts the "code" only of the other language versions after you edit the code of say English. this makes for very boring code, as fancy code is kept well away from (language) string assigment, but it does keep things in order. btw use posix character class translations for any s/// m// tr/// etc. a-z --> A-Z doesn't fare that well on Chinese characters. Chris