File::Find will short-circuit, there is no need to change your code significantly. What you can do is to wrap the find calls in an evaluation block like below -

my @nod;
eval {
    sub foo {die if (/^p/i); push @nod, $_}
    find (\&foo, "./");
};
print "$_\n" for @nod;
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Note that I have replaced last in your example with die, which will cause the evaluation block to be short-circuited.

My directory contains the following files:

try.pl
try3.pl
try0.pl
try4.pl
try0.txt
try9.pl
try6.pl
try7.pl
try8.pl
try10.pl
try11.pl
text.txt
try12.pl
try13.pl
try14.pl
try15.pl
p01.pl
p02.pl
p03.pl
p04.pl
p05.pl
p09.pl
p10.pl
p11.pl
p12.pl
try2.pl
try1.pl
webrobot.pl
links.txt
algorithm.pl
mainfile.txt
[download]

I want the code to short circuit as soon as it sees a file beginning with letter 'p'. And the output of the code is just as expected -

try.pl
try3.pl
try0.pl
try4.pl
try0.txt
try9.pl
try6.pl
try7.pl
try8.pl
try10.pl
try11.pl
text.txt
try12.pl
try13.pl
try14.pl
try15.pl
[download]