The alternative syntax for backticks in Bourne shell would be $( ... ):
host=$(ifconfig | perl -e ' while (<>) { $_ =~ /inet addr:(10.[\d.]+)/
+; $host = `nslookup $1`; }; $host =~ /name = ([\S]+)./; print $1;')
I'm not quite sure it's available in all Bourne-compatible shells, but it seems to work on the Debian Almquist shell so it's a fairly safe bet that it is.
BTW, you should be able to split that command into two with a temporary variable or so and avoid the problem:
ip=`ifconfig | perl -ne ' $_ =~ /inet addr:(10.[\d.]+)/ and print $1`
host=`nslookup $ip | perl -ne '/name = ([\S]+)./; print $1;'`
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