Just for the record, here's a fairly straightforward one treating the score as a string.  It replaces '/' with the appropriate count and dupes the following char (unless it's an extra ball), replacing X with x to avoid processing the X twice.  Then it dupes the 2 chars following each X (again, except for extras), and tallies.  It passes all of the above tests and comes in at
96 chars:
sub score {
$_=pop; # 7
s#(.)/(?=(.).|.?$)#$1.($1?10-$1:'x').lc$2#ge; # 45
s/X(?=(..).)/X$1/g; # 19
y/Xx/9/+eval join'+',/./g # 25
}
# ___
# 96
Only one problem, it fails for a strike in the 9th frame and no extra balls in the 10th! 
/X\d\d$/ matches either. (Also, there's no agreement on whether the args passed in have to match the orginal @b example.) Patching for those makes it
123 :-( :
sub fullscore {
$_=join'',@_; # 13
s/^(X|\d.){10}$/$&0/; # 21
s#(.)/(?=(.).|.?$)#$1.($1?10-$1:'x').lc$2#ge; # 45
s/X(?=(..).)/X$1/g; # 19
y/Xx/9/+eval join'+',/./g # 25
}
# ___
# 123
 
p
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