Hi, ok. Let me clarify whether if it means what I thought it is for some parts of the code. 
sub makeRatio { 
    my( $d_h ) = @_;
    my $rows    =  $#$d_h ; ## last index of array
    my $columns =  $#{ $d_h->[0] }; ## last index of first row
    my @ratio;

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$d_h refers to the dataset from column 4 onwards excluding the first three columns. my $columns : storing the last index of $_[0] 
    for my $six ( 0 .. $columns ){
        for my $tre ( 0 .. $rows ){
            for my $tri ( 0 .. $rows ){
                ## for visual matching
                printf 'my $ratio%d_%d_%d  = $$d_h[%d][%d] / $$d_h[%d]
+[%d];'."\n",

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I am looping through 6 columns ($six), and in each column, I will do ratio against two values ($tre and $tri).

$ratio%d_%d_%d refers to the ratio between two values in decimal. (But why three %d?) 

                    1+$six, 1+$tri, 1+$tre,
                    $tri, $six,
                    $tre, $six,
                    ;;;
                $ratio[ $six ][ $tri ][ $tre ] = $$d_h[ $tri ][ $six ]
+ / $$d_h[ $tre ][ $six ] ;
            }
        }
    }
    return \@ratio ;
}

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1+$six, 1+$tri, 1+$tre, refer to looping next loop?

what does this addition of code do? 
$tri, $six,
$tre, $six,

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Pardon my limited knowledge but it is the first time I see the statement ended with "," instead of ";" , instead the ";" is added below the functions. So may I know if there is any article that explain that or..?

And is 
$ratio[ $six ][ $tri ][ $tre ] = $$d_h[ $tri ][ $six ] / $$d_h[ $tre ]
+[ $six ] ;

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the same as 
$ratio =  $$d_h[ $tri ][ $six ] / $$d_h[ $tre ][ $six ] ;

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Thanks for your patience in coaching me so far..I really really appreciate it.

In reply to Re^16: How to store the output from foreach loop into variable/array without printing? by hellohello1
in thread How to store the output from foreach loop into variable/array without printing? by hellohello1

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