AIUI, an extension compiled with 5.x.a is guaranteed to work with 5.x.b if and only if a <= b && $Config{archname} has not changed.
So, yes - a build of Time::Piece that was compiled with perl-5.8.3 should be fine with perl-5.8.6.
It's highly unlikely that Windows builds of perl-5.8.3 and perl-5.8.6 would differ in $Config{archname}.