Regarding your example from the debugger: Your question mark closes the whole construct. After prepending an 'x', the non-capturing parens no longer match at position 0, but since they are optional, they match the empty string - and within that empty string, the first capture is undefined. You can check that by adding the /g modifier to your regex. It should read:
x $foo =~/(?:a=([a-z]+)?)/;
The same would apply to your real pattern, too.
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