You could break the print into two parts so you can take advantage of knowing the prefix length using %n:

#!/usr/bin/env perl
use 5.010;
use warnings;
use strict;

my $max_width = 60;
my $scale = '1.......10........20........30........40........50.......
+.60';
my $long_string = q{The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog};
my $pat = "%.2f %d/%d/%d  %n";
my @aoa = (
    [ qw/79.3      2022  1   8   /],
    [ qw/394571    22    10  81  /],
    [ qw/123456.78 12345 123 1234/],
);

say $scale;
for my $aref (@aoa) {
    my $prefixLen;

    printf $pat, @$aref, $prefixLen;
    my $space = max_width - $prefixLen - 1;
    printf "%-*s|\n", $space, substr $long_string, 0, $space;
}
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Note that you can't do it in a single statement because the arguments to printf need to be evaluated before printf goes about the business of generating its output.