That's a very confusing question: code-ref and function-ref are used synonymously.

This a ref of a named function

• \&foo

This a ref of a anonymous function

• sub { ... }

This is a code-block and not (necessarily) in a function, they are important for scooping and as syntactic element like for if, map or sub (sic)

• { my $x = 1; ... }

Not to be confused with an anonymous hash ref

• { $x => 1,... }

(Code-blocks and anonymous hash references are distinguished by "looks-like guessing")

Curlies are also used for explicitly marking symbol names after sigils

• "X${name}X" same as "X" . $name ."X"

A special syntactic sugar comes with are prototype (&) for arguments. One can skip the sub when passing an anonymous code-ref

After defining

• sub bar(&) { ... }

you can write

• bar { ... }

instead of

• bar sub { ... }

And calling bar will fail at compile time if anything else than a code ref is passed.

THAT'S ALL!

This should be a list of all uses of curly brackets in Perl (omitting sublanguage syntax like regex)

Please explain what you don't understand.

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