I can't find any documentation that explains this differing behaviour.

This is the documentation for exit (as produced by help exit): 

Quits the CMD.EXE program (command interpreter) or the current batch
script.

EXIT [/B] [exitCode]

  /B          specifies to exit the current batch script instead of
              CMD.EXE.  If executed from outside a batch script, it
              will quit CMD.EXE

  exitCode    specifies a numeric number.  if /B is specified, sets
              ERRORLEVEL that number.  If quitting CMD.EXE, sets the p
+rocess
              exit code with that number.

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The bevahiour of exit(1) isn't defined, and there's no reason to believe it's valid. (It's no like you can do echo(foo) or perl(file.pl), and exit(1) is no different.) You provided garbage, and received garbage in return (GIGO).

In reply to Re: "exit 1" and "exit(1)" are apparently not the same by ikegami
in thread "exit 1" and "exit(1)" are apparently not the same by syphilis

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