See perlfunc:caller ... From the POD ...

    caller EXPR
    caller

    Returns the context of the current subroutine call. In scalar
    context, returns the caller's package name if there is a caller,
    that is, if we're in a subroutine or `eval()' or `require()',
    and the undefined value otherwise. In list context, returns

        ($package, $filename, $line) = caller;

    With EXPR, it returns some extra information that the debugger
    uses to print a stack trace. The value of EXPR indicates how
    many call frames to go back before the current one.

        ($package, $filename, $line, $subroutine,
         $hasargs, $wantarray, $evaltext, $is_require) = caller($i);

    Here `$subroutine' may be `"(eval)"' if the frame is not a
    subroutine call, but an `eval()'. In such a case additional
    elements `$evaltext' and `$is_require' are set: `$is_require' is
    true if the frame is created by a `require' or `use' statement,
    `$evaltext' contains the text of the `eval EXPR' statement. In
    particular, for a `eval BLOCK' statement, `$filename' is
    `"(eval)"', but `$evaltext' is undefined. (Note also that each
    `use' statement creates a `require' frame inside an `eval EXPR')
    frame.

    Furthermore, when called from within the DB package, caller
    returns more detailed information: it sets the list variable
    `@DB::args' to be the arguments with which the subroutine was
    invoked.

    Be aware that the optimizer might have optimized call frames
    away before `caller()' had a chance to get the information. That
    means that `caller(N)' might not return information about the
    call frame you expect it do, for `N > 1'. In particular,
    `@DB::args' might have information from the previous time
    `caller()' was called.
[download]

 

Update - While caller does return information as to the calling subroutine and package, it does not return the reference name that has been used to called the subroutine - This can be confirmed as follows:

#!/usr/bin/perl

use Data::Dumper;
use strict;

my $divesub = \&somesub;
my $raisesub = \&somesub;

&{$divesub};

sub somesub {
    print STDERR Data::Dumper::Dumper( caller(0) );
}
[download]

... of which the output is as follows ...

$VAR1 = 'main';
$VAR2 = './test';
$VAR3 = 10;
$VAR4 = 'main::somesub';
$VAR5 = 0;
$VAR6 = undef;
$VAR7 = undef;
$VAR8 = undef;
$VAR9 = 0;
$VAR10 = '';
[download]

So, while it is possible that the caller function may still be of use to you in your endeavour, it does not address the immediate question.

Thanks also to Kanji++ for pointing this out to me! :-)

 

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