I realize your code was mainly for demonstration purposes, but it can be shortened considerably. I'm sure this can be golfed down even more, but I came up with the following snippet, which I feel is simple yet not too obfuscated (and also demonstrates the use of s///e, so I guess it's not really too OT):
#!/usr/bin/perl
use strict;
use warnings;
my $str = 'The %NOUN% can jump very %ADVERB% with his %APPENDAGES%';
my %wb = (
NOUN => "kangaroo",
ADVERB => "far",
);
$str =~ s/%([^%]+)%/$wb{$1} || "\%$1\%"/ge;
print "$str\n";
Update: %s/\$template/\$str/g; silly mistake caused by last-minute-edits-without-testing. Thanks to Not_a_Number for the catch.
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