First, use strict; and use warnings.
Next, there's no need to use @grades to initialize %grades. Just my %grades = qw( ... ) will work fine.
As for why it's not printing you've committed the classic mistake of using the assignment operator when you meant to test for equality. perldoc perlop and look for eq.
Update: And you also don't need to explicitly use the concatenation operator. Just "$_ has a $student\n".
Update: And really you don't need $student at all. Just exists $grades{ $_ } and print "$_ has a $grades{ $_ }\n" without it.
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