I would put the escaping backslash into $delim, so you are truly independent. Besides that your code works fine and splits the string as intended.
my ($delim, $line, @fields);
$delim = '\|';
$line = "a|c||b";
@fields = split(/$delim/, $line);
print join ("*", @fields), "\n";
$delim = ';';
$line = "a;c;;b";
@fields = split(/$delim/, $line);
print join ("*", @fields), "\n";
#a*c**b
#a*c**b
What else did you expect?
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