I'm not convinced this is worth doing (using more standard test methods is pretty simple, and lets the user delete the test code once they've installed the module), but caller provides the information you need to determine whether you're inside of a use or require: 
#!/usr/bin/perl

if (!(caller(0))[7])
{
  # Not inside of a use
  print "Running tests...\n";
}

sub some_sub
{
  print "Running some_sub\n";
}

1;

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In reply to Re: Self-testing modules by sgifford
in thread Self-testing modules by DrWhy

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