You can use a simple scalar reference, then.
sub alter_var {
my $scalar_ref = shift;
$$scalar_ref =~ s/a/b/;
}
my $scalar = "foobarbaz";
alter_var( \$scalar );
For more, see perlreftut.
Also note that esskar's second example, which works on $_[0] directly, will alter the scalar passed into the parameter list. (In this case, $_[0] is an alias, not a reference, so there is no need to dereference anything.)
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