Yes, I think it's because in the line:
setCallback( \&calledBack );
the reference to the subroutine is being assigned to a temporary SV, which then
goes out of scope (since it doesn't know the C program is still using it).
Then when C tries to use it, the thing it was pointing to is no longer there.
So if you try this instead:
my $psub = \&calledBack;
setCallback( $psub );
you should get the results you want, as the subroutine reference now exists in the still persistent, lexically-scoped "$psub" to which the SV "g_callback" points.
It's a really good question.
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