$#a1 is the index of the last element in the array
@a1.
To access the array referred to by
$a1, you use additional syntax with that variable. For example:
$idx = $#{$a1}; # index of last element
$idx = $#$a1; # same
$count = @{$a1}; # number of elements
$count = @$a1; # same
$item = $a1->[1]; # element 1
$item = ${$a1}[1]; # same
@slice = @{$a1}[0, 1]; # slice of elements
For more on using references, check out
perlreftut (reference tutorial - offsite link),
perlref (reference reference),
perllol (lists of lists), and
perldsc (data structures cookbook).
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