(1) Make sure you don't lose any metadata that comes with the text (e.g. charset parameter in MIME Content-type)
(2) If your text includes the ESCAPE character, it may have ISO-2022 shift sequences in it which identifty the character set. All the registered character sets are at http://www.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/ISO-IR/. The actual escape codes are defined in each PDF file. There doesn't seem to be a comprehensive table anywhere on the internet! Note that when ISO registry #165 says that the escape sequence (for G2) is ESC 2/4 2/10 4/5, that means "\e\x24\x2A\x45". (Of course "\x24\x2A\x45" are the characters $ * E
You don't have to understand about G0, G1, G2 to recognize the character sets, although you would to actually translate them to Unicode. I don't know if Encode handles ISO-2022 encoding generally. ICU handles the more commonly used parts of it.
Some general character set links:
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