I don't think you can get what you're asking for, because I don't think apache provides it. When I want to know which location I matched, I do something like this: 
<Location /blah>
  PerlSetVar matched "blah"
</Location>

[download]
And then in my handler: 
if ($r->dir_config('matched') eq 'blah') {

[download]
That serves my needs. However, if you want a definitive answer about whether this can be retrieved directly from apache or not, you need to ask on the mod_perl mailing list.

In reply to Re^3: How to get the value of <Location> directive (mod_perl)? by perrin
in thread How to get the value of <Location> directive (mod_perl)? by Burak

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