Negative lookahead is always tricky ... you're on the right track though.
In this specific case you could do this:
/^a(?!b)(?:(?!ab).)+b$/
... or even this:
/^(?!.*ab)a.+b$/
... unless I've read you wrong, and you want to allow the string "ab" and even "ab000b"/"a000ab" (since the "ab" is not strictly between the "a" and the "b"), in which case you want this:
/^a(?:(?!ab.).)*b$/
... or even this:
/^(?!.+ab.)a.*b$/
Always tricky, the negative lookahead ... if you can split it, like FunkyMonk suggests (or some variation thereof), it'll be far more readable.
print "Just another Perl ${\(trickster and hacker)},"
The Sidhekin proves Sidhe did it!
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