The match string for a look behind match must match a fixed number of characters. That means that ?, *, + and {n, m} are not allowed because they can match a variable number of characters. It also means that if you use |, each clause must be the same length.
If you really, really must use a look behind to match the first a then you could:
$str =~ /(?<=^a)/;
but all you actually need is /a/.
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