I see things this way:

• A $path is a definition that leads up to a $file.
  
• A $dir is a $file.
  
• A $file is something you can open and do a file test on.
  
• $filename is loosely taken as the name that comes after the last $path separator.
  
• $dirname is loosely taken as everything that comes prior to the last $path separator.
  

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