Ideally, the government should setup a key server, and give everyone a public/private key.

... and thus have my private key? Surely you're kidding. I don't know in which country you live, but please do tell me if you've found one where you can still trust your government to neither abuse nor leak your private data. I know of none.

To get back to your original question: I've heard a proposal which I quite liked. It goes like this: You have a secret password, to which you append the domain name of the site that you log in to, and then you calculate some cryptographic hash out of it.

The hash (or a part of it) is used as a normal password.

This has a few advantages:

• Implementable as a browser plugin
• Implementable as a web service, if you trust that web service
• Implementable in client side JS, if you don't want to send your secret password over the wired at all
• You can use different usernames, and nobody can connect your logins on different sites, unless you want that
• It seems secure, to me

Disadvantages:

• It might need some copy&paste unless implemented as a browser plugin
• Changing your secret key means changing many passwords.

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