Definitely when writing a complex one like this, use the /x modifier to make things clearer to yourself. Taking your expression as is:
$pattern =~
/
^
_* # 0 or more underscores to start
(
(\d*|#*|\**)+ # Any combo of digits, #s, or *s
(\[\d+\-\d\])? # Maybe a [x-y]
)
(X*\.?\!?) # Zero or more Xs, and maybe a . or !
$
/gx;
The other thing I'd recommend doing is writing a test script to make sure your regex works.
use strict;
use warnings;
use Test::More qw(no_plan);
my $regex = qr{ ... stuff ... }x;
# Tests
like( '100', $regex, 'Valid numeric' );
like( '_100', $regex, 'Valid numeric with leading underscore' );
# etc.
unlike( '', $regex, 'Invalid empty string' );
# etc.
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