perlop says that backticks behave like double-quoted strings, so they interpolate. You can try first building the string and then running it, that way it's easier to debug:
my $cmd = qq{egrep -m 1 "^$lemma:" /home/lexicon};
warn "Running [$cmd]";
my $lexical_entry = `$cmd`;
... but you could also just use Perl instead of egrep:
...
my $filename = '/home/lexicon';
open my $fh, '<', $filename
or die "Couldn't open '$filename': $!";
while (<$fh>) {
return $_ if /^$lemma:/;
};
...
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