Cases 1, 3 and 4 are almost identical wrt the scoping rules applied to the loop variable. Case 1 differs to the others only in that the lexical variable $v doesn't exist before the perl compiler sees the loop (so I guess that $v will be allocated in that scope's scratchpad.)

Case 2 is the only different one wrt to scoping - depending on whether $v has been declared outside the scope in which the foreach occurs at all, or declared as my, or as our:

• if it hasn't been declared, $v will mask a package variable,
• which is also the case if $v has been declared with our;
• if it has been declared with my, the loop variable will be aliasing that $v, and lexically scoped - in that case, the scoping rules are identical to 1, 3 and 4.

See also Re^6: Hard syntax error or disambiguable parsing?.

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