On my system, man -2 stat enumerates

EACCES
Search permission is denied for one of the directories in the path prefix of path. (See also path_resolution(2).)
EBADF
filedes is bad.
EFAULT
Bad address.
ELOOP
Too many symbolic links encountered while traversing the path.
ENAMETOOLONG
File name too long.
ENOENT
A component of the path path does not exist, or the path is an empty string.
ENOMEM
Out of memory (i.e. kernel memory).
ENOTDIR
A component of the path is not a directory.

And I don't see anything there for read failures (incl communication failures with remote volumes). 

perl -MErrno=ENOENT -le'
   $found = -e shift;
   die("stat: $!\n") if !defined($found) && $! != ENOENT;
   print($found ? "found" : "not found");
' file

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In reply to Re: What conditions cause the -e file test to return false by ikegami
in thread What conditions cause the -e file test to return false by malevy

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