Two comments.

• First, I get the same answer as Java:

  $ perl -le'print cos(100000000)'
  -0.363385089355691
  
  $ perl -e'printf "%.16g\n", cos(100000000)'
  -0.3633850893556905
  [download]

  The underlying C library makes a difference.

• Second, floating point numbers don't have a precision field. Assuming it's even possible, accommodating such a field would require a substantial drop in max precision. You are free to track such data yourself, however.

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