BUT what's really confusing me is that pos($str) is empty afterwards!
pos is updated by every search. It is either advanced on success, or reset on a match failure (unless you use /c). If it didn't reset, a match somewhere in the program could affect an unrelated match elsewhere in the program.
produces [...] and an endless loop!
Position zero is the start of the string. It doesn't surprise me that it thinks it hasn't matched yet.
It lets you do something silly like /.\G/ assuming you know what you are doing. Expect problems if you break that trust by trying to match the character before the start of the string and nothing else.
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